Properties of Gases - Chem Labpaq Essay - 689 Words

Properties of Gases General Chemistry 1 Lab 5 Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to examine the properties of several gasses, which were the products of a reaction, and examine the way the gasses react under certain conditions. These conditions, such as introducing a flame to the gas as well as oxygen and CO2, caused other reactions to occur. Hypothesis: If the gasses are correctly synthesized then there will be a clear reaction with the introduction of the flame, O2, CO2, Air, limewater, and Bromthymol indicator. Procedures: Step 1. I placed a small amount of Mossy Zn in the test tube and then added HCL. I used the rubber stopper and a pipet bulb to collect the Hydrogen gas synthesis. I filled the pipet bulb with†¦show more content†¦(Step 4 cont.) I combined baking soda and vinegar again and attached the stopper with copper and plastic tubing assembly. I added a few ml of limewater to a well of my well plate and ran the CO2 through the tube of the gas assembly through the limewater, which caused it to turn a cloudy color and possibly produce a precipitate. Using the same gas assembly technique, I ran the CO2 through a few ml bromothymol blue in the well plate as well. When the gas contacted the bromothymol, it turned from blue to yellow then to a murky green. Step 5. I added a few pieces of Alka Seltzer to the gas delivery tube and added water to create the gas reaction. Using the gas assembly Camp;P tube, I ran this gas synthesis through the limewater in the well plate, which turned the limewater from hazy to clear. Step 6. I put some of the limewater in the test tube and with the straw, I breathed through the limewater. This had the opposite effect of the Alka seltzer gas as the breath caused the limewater to turn hazy. Analysis: (Results included in my procedures) The hydrogen was proven to be combustable. The oxygen was proven to be flameable. No reaction with the hydrogen and oxygen mixture which may have been an experimental error caused by (unknown). Carbon dioxide extinguished the flame, turned the limewater cloudy, and altered the ph of the bromothymol. Alka Seltzer turned the limewater clear. Breath turned the limewater hazy. Conclusion: Since IShow MoreRelatedChem618 Words   |  3 PagesExperiment 4: properties of gases By swifty217, june 2013 | 2 Pages (480 Words) | 76 Views | 4.5 1 2 3 4 5 (1) | Report | This is a Premium essay for upgraded members Sign Up to access full essay DID YOU LIKE THIS? TELL YOUR FRIENDS... Send Report Submitted: June 21, 2013 Title: Properties of Gases Purpose: To analyze a few physical and chemical properties of gases as well as using those properties to identify the gases. Procedure:

Hong Kong s Air Pollution Problems - 1660 Words

Hong Kong’s Air Pollution problems Hong Kong’s air pollution has reached unprecedented, phenomenal levels, which seems to be growing controllably with each passing day, and creating worse situations. Despite there are desperate and overwhelming measures taken by the Hong Kong Government Authority to address and rectify the situation, the situation of air pollution is turning grimmer by the day. After the Second World War, the major working sector in China began a massive shift from the agrarian to the industrial sector, a process that was accelerated by the War. Today there are eighty-two percent of the citizens in China are living in urban areas as compared to the large numbers of the citizens that were living in the rural areas in†¦show more content†¦Besides, the smog from neighboring China also contributes to high levels of air pollution in this city, and exacerbates already bad conditions in Hong Kong, which has been defying solution for all these years. In the event this uncontrollable situation continues to thrive, most denizens and citizenry of Hong Kong would have to make a mass exodus out of the country, much to the chagrin of the Government and Civic Authorities (EPD, An overview of the air quality and air pollution control in Hong Kong, 2015). According to recent studies conducted by the University of Hong Kong, the current levels of pollution in Hong Kong were at least 3 times that prevailing in New York and twice of that found in London. 20% of the residents of Hong Kong are affected health- wise by the pollution for which there now does not seem to be ready or resolvable answer (Mirandila, 2012). The Hong Kong government looks on as hapless spectators as pollution-related issues continue to grow, unabated, and all their best control stratagems seem to be getting them nowhere. The issue is progressing in recent years, thanks to proliferation of industries, power plants, factories, which spew tons of wastes into the Hong Kong atmosphere every day, besides tonnes of CO2 and other deadly chemicals from the plethora of plying vehicles on Hong Kong streets at any given point of times, adding to the

Significantly Contributed Business Model †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Significantly Contributed Business Model? Answer Introduction The Asian airline industry can be characterised through the immense competition along with the high price pressure which in turn continuously thrust over increasing the efficiency. On the other hand, the industry grows continuously with more passengers who travel more often. Since the emergence of the continuous air traffic the airline industry have demarcated a rigorously high level of growth in comparison with the GNP trend and increase the productivity(Wang, Tsui,, Liang, Fu, 2017). There is gradual liberalisation in the industry which in turn has significantly contributed in its business model. The Asian airlines and their continuously increasing passengers act as the driving force in the global airline's industry. The analysts predict economics Asia Pacific airlines will contribute to the half of the total air traffic increase by the year 2020. Thai Air Asia X is identified as a low cost, long haul airline company which is based at Don Meuang International Airport, Bangkok. The company was founded in the year 2014 and since then it is operating quite effectively and efficiently. The airline mainly serves for the scheduled destinations of Thailand, Japan, China and South Korea(Graham, 2013). As a manager of the airlines, a business development plan has been developed. In this report, three key management issues in relation to the airline industry have been discussed and the recommendations for coping up the issues have been provided. It is expected that this will help Thai Air Asia X to operate sustainably and successfully. Problems faced by the industry Despite the extensive growth, the airline industry faces a number of challenges. These challenges affect the business adversely which in turn reduces the revenue and profit levels of the organisations. Here in this report, three key issues will be discussed which is the competitiveness, fuel price volatility and the environmental and financial sustainability of the business. Competitiveness In the era of globalization and continuous economic development, the airline's industry is facing excessive competition from almost every aspect of the business. Thai Air Asia X is not an exception it is also facing tremendous competition specifically in the context of pricing. Moreover, the strategic frameworks or expansion of the competitive airlines also imposes significant threat before the organization as well. Due to this competitive nature, the airline companies are required to focus more on their pricing mechanism, service quality and consumer's satisfaction(Solnet, Baum, Kralj, Robinson, Ritchie, Olsen, 2014). The Asian airline industry is distinguished by the feature of being extremely competitive and highly capital intensive. This capital intensive nature of the industry is the key underlying reason for the higher fixed costs and high barriers to exit. The level of competition in the airline industry is very intense as there are no such barriers to entry(Yee Liau Pei Tan, 2014). The liberalization of market access due to globalization can be held responsible for this lower level of barriers to entry. As per the data provided by the IATA (International Air Transport Association) during the last 40 years nearly 1300 new airlines have been established. The nature of the competitiveness in airlines industry can be summarized as follows, The level of competition rises when a new airline with a new set of strategies enters into the market or the existing airlines try to expand their area of operation by introducing new service range. However, the strategy of expansion of the existing airlines seems to be beneficial for them as they can enjoy the benefits of economies of scale and rights over the airport slots. Therefore it can be stated that the expansion into the new market possesses low barriers to entry for the existing airlines compared to the newly entered airline(Robinson, Ritchie, Kralj, Solnet, Baum, Ford, 2014). In order to acquire a new aircraft ample accounting of capital is required which may sometimes discourage the new airlines from entering the market(Tretheway Markhvida, 2014). However, as presently there is an ease of leasing option and external finance scheme both of these taken together have me it easier for the new airlines to enter the market. Moreover, as the switching cost on the part of the consumers is very low, it also imposes a significant competitive threat before any airline(Pratt Harrison, 2015). This sometimes makes it difficult to retain the customers and thereby increasing their loyalty. The Fuel Factor The price of fuel is considered to be among the most important issues faced by the airline industry. As the airlines start incurring higher costs they tend to impose the fuel surcharges on the customers. Specialists in the industry stated that the constantly increasing price of fuels will impact the bottom line of any airline(Hapsari, Clemes, Dean, 2016). The situation worsens when the economies suffer from a recession. Data projects the fact that the airline industry had suffered all time low during the recession of 2010. It is a matter of fact that the government owned airlines do not face the challenges which are faced by the privately owned airlines, although they also find it difficult to manage the fuel price(Suki, 2014). The volatility in the price of crude oil affects the airline industry in several ways. Primarily the price of crude oil largely affects the cost incurred by the airline and hence it affects the price of the air tickets as well. Recently the significant downfa ll in the fuel prices has affected the profitability of the airline industry. As pointed out by the U.S Energy Information Administration, during the year 2015 the price of per gallon of jet fuel was $1.45less than half of what it was in the year 2012. As per another report of PwC, the airlines globally were projected to spend $70 billion over fuel prices in 2015 compared to that of in 2014. It is a matter of fact the total impact of the reduction or fluctuation in the prices will be unknown until and unless the hedging contracts held by the airline companies are not finished(Heracleous Wirtz, 2014). In the short run, the fuel price volatility may have allowed the airlines to rebuild their balance sheet and again reinvest after various financial losses. That is more specifically investing on modernising the aircraft or implementing improvements in the aircraft. However, in the long term, this price volatility has induced the airlines to redesign their strategies so as to successfully accrue revenue and increase profits. The strategic reform will also include the strategies of fuel purchasing and hedging. Sustainability The future of the airline industry cannot be guaranteed until and unless it can establish sustainability. Sustainability is an important issue before Thai Air Asia X because, the modern day consumers are quite aware of the impact of the business on the environment(Homsombat, Lei, Fu, 2014). If they find that other airlines are conducting flight service which causes low pollution, for the sake of environmental sustainability they may switch to that airline. in this context, it is also necessary to mention that the switching cost is also very low in the airline industry. The sustainability in this context may arise from two perspectives which are namely environmental sustainability and financial sustainability. Environmental Sustainability In the modern day environment, each and every industry is required to be sustainable. However, it is quite difficult for the airline industry because it makes use of the fuel to keep its aircraft flying(Lin Yeoh, 2016). Presently, not only the airline industry but also the value chain has set some ambitious goals. These are from the year 2020, airlines will cap their emissions and growth of the industry will be carbon neutral. Afterwards, by the year 2050, they are planning to cut their emission level to half of what they have emitted during 2005. Financial Sustainability Another important pillar of the sustainability is the financial profitability. During the past few years, the industry has remained at a break-even point. Irrespective of the values the industry has brought forward in the world, in turn, it has also destroyed a huge amount of capital(Belobaba, Odoni, Barnhart, 2015). The airline industry is volatile in nature, for instance when there was outburst of Ebola people were rushing from one place to the other. At that point of time, the price of the air tickets increased considerably. Recommendations Recommendation 1: In order to cope with the extremely competitive environment of the airline industry horizontal agreements can be made. Horizontal agreements or alliances are the cooperation agreements carried out horizontally not much like mergers and it poses increased scope and strengths. Due to the increased level of competition in the airline industry alliances have emerged as a key trend. These range from light alliances that incorporate basic interlining and code sharing to the high-level alliance and agreements of integration that incorporates coordination over the parameters of competition like prices and capacity, sharing of profits and costs and thereby acquiring an interest of minority in the allied airlines. Moreover, it can also be stated that the benefits of economies of scale and the globalized economies are far behind the strategies of an alliance. The airline that possesses a vast network and a presence worldwide always enjoys a competitive and comparative advantage over those airlines which do not have these. However, it can be stated that for one airline possessing these advantages is unsustainable and alliance allows the airlines to widen and deepen their network and thereby sustain in the competitive market. Integration also increases the barriers t o entry and thereby harms the level of competition by increasing the price level(Delbari, Ng, Aziz, Ho, 2016). This integration strategy may benefit Thai Air Asia X. Recommendation 2: Regarding the volatility in the fuel price it can be recommended that beyond hedging the airlines may also try to increase their fuel efficiency which will, in turn, become an efficient method of saving in the long run. As the fuel price is increasing during the past few years airlines have started putting thrust in this area to cope with the problem. The emergence of the fuel efficient aircraft has given rise to the introduction of Airbus's A320 Neo and A330 neo and Boeing 737 Max. Extensions in the wing tip or the introduction of winglets along with the unusual "split scimitar" version which was adopted by the United in 2014 had helped to save billions of dollars during the year 2014. With an expense of $1 million for one installation, the devices reduced the aircraft drag and enhanced wing lift. Winglets are efficient enough to help the airlines to save fuel up to 6 percent per year depending on the model(15. Arjomandi Seufert, 2014). On the manufacturing side, it is also necessary for Boeing, Airbus and other key players to conduct rigorous research on how the new technologies can be used to develop a more fuel efficient aircraft, which will help the airlines to reduce their cost of flying an aircraft. The airlines may also look after for reducing the operating cost by implementing new routes or expanding the capacity of the aircraft(Graham, 2013). Through this as the fuel prices dropped it has benefitted those carriers with the low cost of operation, as the non-fuel cost of those aircraft increased. This may enable the efficient operators to accrue higher revenue by maintaining the marginal routes, the introduction of new routes and increasing the capacity of the existing routes. Recommendation 3: Introducing modern aircraft are more fuel efficient and they are committed to reducing the level of emission by 20% to 30% compared to their predecessors. More precisely the introduction of technology and incorporating the technological aspects in the airline industry will also help the airline to establish sustainability. That is the use of biofuels will ensure sustainable operations(Homsombat, Lei, Fu, 2014). However, the problem with biofuels is that they are very short in supply as well as expensive. Secondly, it has been observed that almost all the aircraft have to circle before the air corridor is clear for landing. If the air traffic control system can be improved it could lead to a reduction in the fuel consumption as well as emission. Conclusion Throughout the report, it has been observed that airline industry is facing different issues and the most important among them are the competitiveness, fuel price and environmental sustainability. Therefore, in order to run the airline profitably, it is necessary for Thai Air Asia X to cope up with these issues. The issue of competitiveness can be mitigated through horizontal integration or associations which will in turn help to the company enhance the service quality. On the other hand, the issue regarding fuel price can be eliminated if more fuel efficient aircraft are used. Finally, in the context of environmental sustainability infrastructural development is required which will enable the Thai Air Asia X to satisfy the environmentally conscious customers in a way that their business is environmentally sustainable. References Belobaba, P., Odoni, A., Barnhart, C. (2015). The global airline industry. John Wiley Sons. Delbari, S. A., Ng, S. I., Aziz, Y. A., Ho, J. A. (2016). An investigation of key competitiveness indicators and drivers of full-service airlines using Delphi and AHP techniques. Journal of Air Transport Management, 52(1), 23-34. Graham, A. (2013). Understanding the low cost carrier and airport relationship: A critical analysis of the salient issues. Tourism Management, 36(1), 66-76. Hapsari, R., Clemes, M., Dean, D. (2016). The mediating role of perceived value on the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction: Evidence from Indonesian airline passengers. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35(1), 388-395. Heracleous, L., Wirtz, J. (2014). Singapore Airlines: Achieving sustainable advantage through mastering paradox. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 50(2), 150-170. Homsombat, W., Lei, Z., Fu, X. (2014). Competitive effects of the airlines-within-airlines strategyPricing and route entry patterns. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 63(1), 1-16. Lin, W., Yeoh, B. S. (2016). Moving in relations to Asia: The politics and practices of mobility. Environment and Planning A, 48(6), 1004-1011. Pratt, S., Harrison, D. (2015). Tourism in Pacific Islands: Current Issues and Future Challenges. London: Routledge. Robinson, R. N., Ritchie, B. W., Kralj, A., Solnet, D. J., Baum, T., Ford, R. C. (2014). An Asia-Pacific coreperiphery futures paradox: Divergent worker and tourist mobilities. Journal of Travel Research, 53(6), 805-818. Solnet, D. J., Baum, T., Kralj, A., Robinson, R. N., Ritchie, B. W., Olsen, M. (2014). The Asia-Pacific tourism workforce of the future: Using Delphi techniques to identify possible scenarios. Journal of Travel Research, 53(6), 693-704. Suki, N. M. (2014). Passenger satisfaction with airline service quality in Malaysia: A structural equation modeling approach. Research in transportation business management, 10(1), 26-32. Tretheway, M. W., Markhvida, K. (2014). The aviation value chain: Economic returns and policy issues. Journal of Air Transport Management, 41(1), 3-16. Wang, K., T. K., Liang, L., Fu, X. (2017). Entry patterns of low-cost carriers in Hong Kong and implications to the regional market. Journal of Air Transport Management, 64(1), 101-112. Yee Liau, B., Pei Tan, P. (2014). Gaining customer knowledge in low cost airlines through text mining. Industrial Management Data Systems, 114(9), 1344-1359.

Informative Research Regarding Anti-Hazing Through Campaigns free essay sample

The controversy, however, has given a sparse attention to what it would mean to society and to groups/ unions/ associations and the like to establish such an anti-hazing campaign. This paper is an Informative Research Regarding Anti-Hazing through Campaigns. Each association has a contract with the administration that bounds their activities. An interview was the main research instrument used in this study. Interview with the president of the student council is conducted to consider their views regarding this study. Journal entries were also used as a basis and sources of data for this study. This campaign does not contradict the Article III, Section 8 of the 1987 constitution of the Philippines; rather it connotes the right to life of a person without abolishing its main essence. This article addresses these issues by exploring the external and internal incentives suggesting that this thesis could prevent hazing in colleges/schools. Finally, this research paper would prevent students to experience threats, intimidation, and unlawful acts which violate the right to life of an individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Research Regarding Anti-Hazing Through Campaigns or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Informative Research Regarding Anti-Hazing through Campaigns This is a generation wherein teenagers are afraid of being unaccompanied and unaided. Their desire to be accepted in the society pushes them to look for acceptance in some groups despite of its consequences. These past few months, there have been incidents of death due to merciless initiations out of schools and universities. Recently, there have been two law students who lost their lives because of this inhumane and cruel act of initiations that certain fraternities implement. This alarming news has pushed the schools to their own movement in precluding physical and psychological abuse to enter organizations. Fraternity is a group of people associated or formally organized for a common purpose, interest, or pleasure: as a fraternal order, guild, or a men’s student organization formed chiefly for social purposes having secret rites and a name in Greek letters. Also, it is the quality or state of being brothers. According to Bridget Wright, many young people attending college gain experiences and enjoy the benefits of joining a sorority or fraternity. They learn very early in their adult lives that there are many advantages to being a part of a tightly-knit social circle. Being a part of a fraternity can be very rewarding and beneficial to careers and professional lives. Fraternity membership often also means lifelong social connections. While being a member of a fraternity during college is fun, the  benefit of joining a sorority or fraternity  increases significantly beyond the college days. Some of the major benefits of joining a sorority or fraternity include: Social for a social network is a large Informative Research Regarding Anti-Hazing through Campaigns part of the college scene. Social activities play an important role in sorority and fraternity life. Sororities and fraternities often sponsor  mixers, formal dances, receptions and luncheons giving honor or recognizing some facet of the organization. Teamwork because working together as a team is a large part of the college social structure. The cohesiveness of pledging units provide just that foundation. Learning to work together as a team is vital to success in college and in business. Career is another benefit of having a fraternity because being a part of a fraternity  is an impressive notation on any resume. Positivity, because being a member of a pledge group instils a sense of self-confidence and self-esteem. The individual feels that they belong and that they have a place. They take their place in the organization very seriously, but still know how to enjoy themselves. This bonding creates an ever-lasting effect for each individual. Responsibility and leadership are also large benefits of pledging. College students in sororities and fraternities are given many opportunities to exercise their leadership skills. They can learn the importance of responsibility in various situations. They have the protection and mentoring of the senior members of their house, as well as their peer group, to nurture them. Even though fraternities have its advantages, there are some disadvantages that students ought to consider realistically. Some of these are time commitment because  rushing and pledging are time consuming. Once you’re a member, you’ll be expected to participate in social events, philanthropic activities, meetings, and other time consuming commitments. Another is that joining fraternities has initiation fees, dues, and the like because there can be an awful lot of incidental expenses for things like social events, formal attire and the like. Expenses do vary quite a bit at different schools and in different chapters. Unfortunately, negative stereotypes about Greek life are abundant, and you’re likely to come across fellow students who judge you harshly because of your Greek affiliation. Greek organizations are a great place to make friends, but sometimes these friendship groups become isolated from the rest of campus life and also fraternities has bed effects regarding academic concerns. Hazing is any action or situation, with or without the consent of the participants, which recklessly, intentionally, or unintentionally endangers the mental, physical, or academic health or safety of a student. It includes physical injury, assault or battery, kidnapping or imprisonment, intentionally placing at risk of mental or emotional harm (putting â€Å"over the edge†), degradation, humiliation, the compromising of moral or religious values, forced consumption of any liquid or solid, placing an individual in physical danger (at risk) which includes abandonment, and impairment of physical liberties which include curfews or other interference with academic endeavours. Despite of the heartless or tough initiations to enter fraternities or sororities, we cannot fully abolish these groups because it would be against the Bill of Rights. These organizations are protected by the Philippine Constitution Article III, Section 8 which states that the right of the people, including those employed in the public and privates sectors, to form unions, association, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged. Because of this right, these groups are able to perform any activities that would endanger a persons right to life. It is a universal and inherent law that a person must ensure its safety. Under RA 8049, in order for hazing to be valid, the following conditions must be complied with: 1. Prior written notice to the school authorities or head of organization seven (7) days before the conduct of such initiation 2. The written notice shall indicate the period of the initiation activities which shall not exceed three (3) days, shall include the names of those to be subjected to such activities. 3. The written notice shall contain an undertaking that no physical violence be employed by anybody during such initiation rites. . At least two (2) representatives of the school or organization should be present during the initiation. It is the duty of such representative to see to it that no physical harm of any kind shall be inflicted upon a recruit, neophyte or applicant. Before the enactment of RA 8049, there was no law punishing the act of hazing. Hence, the courts had to look at the Revised Penal Code for the criminal liability of the accused. As such, in the Lenny Villa Case, the accused were held liable for reckless imprudence resulting into homicide. We have conducted an interview with the Mapua Institute of Technology student council president of 2012-2013. The questions asked were: Has there been any instance of fraternities in Mapua? Why do you think students join fraternities? What is your opinion about fraternities? What are the things that the student council organization did to apprehend the groups? What is the school doing to avoid hazing on fraternities? Any organization is legal or credited by the schools except for those who practice physical abuse. A certain group or association could be recognized if it has a minimum of 30 members and if it qualifies the requirements of the administration of the school. Most of the schools are against hazing but hazing is legal if and only if it has complied under the Republic Act No. 8049. As a result, schools promote campaigns which are anti-hazing. According to the Official Student Publication of Mapua Institute of Technology which is the New Builder Vol. XLVI No. 3 published on September 2012, â€Å"Fortunately, there’s a specific part of RA. 8049 that deals with this situation. Anti- hazing law provides protection and authorizes the concern to administer the proper penalties when a subject under hazing is† prevented from reporting the unlawful act to his parents or guardians, to the proper school authorities, or to the police authorities, through force, violence, threat or intimidation. † This section would be a leeway and at the same time the instrument as a provision for those crusades who oppose hazing on fraternities. This term paper will be stimuli for the school administration to reevaluate rules and regulations about policies regarding. This study was done for the purpose of showing the importance of human life and in ensuring the security of the students. Thus, to avoid hazing without taking the right of a person to associate. The researchers recommend that similar studies related to this should be conducted. Having other studies regarding this subject may strengthen the main topic and to be able to find a possible solution in proposing a contract between the said group and the administration and also in preventing cruel initiations Informative Research Regarding Anti-Hazing through Campaigns References Ed Amoroso. (Aug. 04, 2012). Police secure 2 hazing victims. In Philippine Star. Retrieved Sept. 17, 2012, from http://www. philstar. com/Article. aspx? articleId=834457publicationSubCategoryId=63. Christina Mendez. (Aug. 02, 2012). Senate to probe latest hazing death. In Philippine Star. Retrieved Sept. 17, 2012, from http://www. philstar. com/nation/article. aspx? publicationsubcategoryid=200articleid=833946. Jeannette Andrade. (Sept. 09,2010). Fraternity war behind bar exams blast police. In Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved Aug. 25, 2012, from http://newsinfo. inquirer. et/breakingnews/metro/view/20100927-294632/Fraternity-war-behind-bar-exams-blast-police. Maricar Cinco. (April 04, 2010). Mapua student allegedly dies in hazing; 6 suspects nabbed. In Pinoy Exchange. Retrieved Sept. 25, 2012, from http://www. pinoyexchange. com/forums/showthread. php? t=439699 Jasmine Pinugu. ( September 2012). Two Faced Orgs. The New Builder. Volume46(3), 12-13 http://www. merriam-webster. co m/dictionary/fraternity http://www. catalogs. com/info/people/benefits-of-joining-a-sorority-or-fraternity. html http://suite101. com/article/greek-lifedisadvantages-a7899 http://www. umich. edu/~nohazing/whatis. html